| 16th 
            January, on this day  27 BC The Roman 
            Senate give the title Augustus to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian0308 St Marcellus 
            I ends his reign as Catholic Pope
 1219 Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s killed
 1325 Laure de Noves, beloved of Petrarch, marries Hugues de Sade
 1493 Columbus returns to Spain on his 1st trip
 1531 English 
            Reformation parliament's 2nd sitting
 1547 ‘Ivan 
            The Terrible’ (Ivan IV Vasilyevich) is crowned Tsar of Russia. 
            He is the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of Tsar
 1556 Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain
 1572 Thomas 
            Howard, the Fourth Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason for his 
            part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He is 
            later executed at the Tower of London
 1581 English parliament passes laws against Catholicism
 1756 England and Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster
 1765 Charles 
            Messier catalogs M41 (galactic cluster in Canis Major)
 1776 Continental Congress approves enlistment of free blacks
 1777 Vermont declares independence from NY
 1809 Battle 
            of Corunna
 1780 Battle 
            at Cape St Vincent admiral Rodney beats Spanish fleet
 1832 Charles Darwin lands at San Tiago, Cape Verde
 1864 Heavy fighting 
            takes place near Dandridge TN
 1865 General William Sherman issues Field 
            Order number 15 (land for blacks)
 1865 Drunken sailor attacks munitions at Fort Fisher NC, 40 die
 1868 Refrigerator 
            car patented by William Davis, a fish dealer in Detroit
 1870 Virginia becomes 8th state re-admitted to US after Civil War
 1877 Colour organ (for light shows) patented, by Bainbridge Bishop
 1883 Pendleton 
            Act creates basis of US Civil Service system
 1906 Conference 
            of Algeciras (about Morocco)
 1908 Pinnacles 
            National Monument, California established
 1909 The British Antarctic Expedition, led by Ernest 
            Shackleton, locates the magnetic South Pole
 1911 Pandora becomes 1st 2-man sailboat to round Cape Horn west to 
            east
 1913 British House of Commons accepts Home-Rule 
            for Ireland
 1914 Writer Maksim 
            Gorki returns to Russia
 1916 World War I: Austro-Hungarian troops seize control of Montenegro
 1917 World War I: German Foreign Secretary Arthur 
            Zimmermann sends a telegram to the German Ambassador in Mexico 
            instructing him to approach the Mexican government to propose a German-Mexican 
            alliance against the United States
 1919 The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the 
            'manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for 
            beverage purposes', achieves the necessary two-thirds majority for 
            state ratification, and thus becomes the law of the land
 1920 18th 
            Amendment, prohibition, becomes the law of the land - one year 
            after ratification; it is repealed in 1933
 1920 1st assembly of League 
            of Nations (Paris)
 1920 Georgia declares independence
 1925 General M Froense replaces Trotsky as People's Commissioner of 
            Defense. Leon Trotsky dismissed as CEO of Russian Revolution Military 
            Council
 1936 1st photo finish camera installed at Hialeah Race track in Hialeah 
            FL
 1936 Screen 
            Actors Guild incorporates with King 
            Vidor as president
 1936 Spanish socialists/communists/anarchists form Unidad Popular
 1938 Benny 
            Goodman refuses to play Carnegie Hall when black members of his 
            band were barred from performing
 1939 Comic strip "Superman" 
            debuts
 1940 Captured documents reveal Hitler's plans for the invasion of 
            Scandinavia and a postponement of the invasion of France and the Low 
            Countries until the Spring, when the weather is more compatible to 
            invasion
 1941 British forces start the first attacks of their East African 
            counter-offensive, on Italian-held Ethiopia, from Kenya
 1941 German bombers pound Valetta, Malta, and the HMS Illustrious 
            is hit again.
 1941 War Department forms 1st Army Air Corps squadron for black cadets
 1941 US vice admiral Bellinger warns of an assault on Pearl Harbor
 1942 William 
            Knudsen becomes 1st civilian appointed a General in US army
 1942 TWA 
            Flight 3, a DC-3 airplane returning to California refuels and 
            takes off from Las Vegas, and twenty-three minutes later crashes into 
            "Double Up Peak" on a clear night near the 8,300 ft level 
            of Mount Potosi, 30 mi SW of Las Vegas; All 22 passengers are killed 
            including actress Carole 
            Lombard and her mother.
 1943 1st US air raid on Ambon
 1943 Battle 
            of Velikiye Luki ends
 1943 Iraq declares war on the Axis powers.
 1943 RAF begins a two-night bombing of Berlin
 1943 German 2nd SS-Pantzer division evacuates Charkow
 1943 Red Army recaptures Pitomnik airport at Stalingrad
 1944 General Eisenhower took command of Allied Invasion Force in London
 1945 United States First and Third link up at Houffalise following 
            Battle of the Bulge; Soviet troops meanwhile liberate Budapest.
 1945 Scottish 52nd land division/1st Commando brigade-assault at Heinsberg
 1947 Vincent 
            Aurial elected President of France
 1948 35 Haganah 
            members are ambushed and killed in Gush Etzyon
 1950 Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands recognise Israel
 1951 World's largest gas pipeline opens (Brownsville TX, to 134th 
            St, New York City NY)
 1951 Viet 
            Minh offensive against Hanoi
 1953 Egyptian Premier General Naguib disbands all political parties
 1956 Egyptian President Nassar pledges to reconquer Palestine
 1957 3 B-52s leave California for 1st non-stop round the world flights
 1957 Cavern 
            Club (home of Beatles' 1st appearance) opens on Mathew Street 
            in England
 1961 Russian espionage ring detected in Great Britain
 1962 Shooting begins on "Dr 
            No"
 1963 Khrushchev 
            claims to have a 100-megaton nuclear bomb
 1964 "Hello, Dolly!" starring Carol 
            Channing, opens at St James Theater New York City NY for 2,844 
            performances
 1965 "Outer 
            Limits" last airs on ABC-TV
 1965 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakstan/Semipalatinsk 
            USSR
 1967 1st black government installed in Bahamas
 1969 In Prague, Czechoslovakia, student Jan 
            Palach sets himself on fire to protest against the Soviet invasion 
            that ended the 'Prague Spring'. Palach died from his burns
 1969 Soviet Soyuz 
            4 and Soyuz 5 perform 1st transfer of crew in space
 1970 Colonel 
            Gaddafi becomes premier of Libya
 1973 USSR's Lunakhod 
            2 begins radio-controlled exploration of the Moon
 1974 L A Landslide kills 9, Canyonville OR
 1974 "Jaws" by Peter 
            Benchley is published s
 1979 Shah 
            Mohammed Reza Pahlevi of Iran flees Iran for Egypt
 1980 Paul 
            McCartney jailed in Tokyo for 10 days on marijuana possession
 1981 The Northern Ireland civil rights campaigner and former Westminster 
            MP Bernadette 
            McAliskey and her husband are shot by gunmen who burst into their 
            home in Northern Ireland
 1984 Paul and Linda 
            McCartney arrested in Barbados-possession of cannabis
 1985 "Playboy" 
            announces end of stapling centerfolds
 1986 Police arrested 3 IRA-terrorists in Amsterdam
 1989 USSR announces plan for 2-year manned mission to Mars
 1989 Police arrest writer Vaclav 
            Havel in Prague
 1990 2 Bank 
            of Credit and Commerce members plea guilty to money laundering
 1991 Operation 
            Desert Storm begins - US and 27 allies attack Iraq for occupying 
            Kuwait (air war begins January 17 at 2:38AM (local time) or January 
            16 at 6:38PM EST due to an 8 hour time difference, with an Apache 
            helicopter attack)
 1992 The Chapultepec 
            Peace Accords are signed in Mexico City, which brings an end to 
            the civil war in El Salvador
 2001 The fuel supply tanker ‘Jessica’ runs aground off 
            the island of San Cristoba, part of the Galapagos Islands
 2001 The President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Laurent 
            Kabila, is shot by one of his own bodyguards. He later dies from 
            his wounds
 2002 The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo 
            and the freezing of assets of Osama 
            bin Laden, Al-Qaida, and the remaining members of the Taliban
 2003 A car bomb kills four and injures 27 at a shopping mall in Medellín. 
            The attack is
 believed to be a retaliation of 
            FARC for the arrest of 53 of its members in the preceding days.
 2005 Adriana 
            Iliescu becomes the oldest woman in the world to give birth, at 
            age 66.
 2006 Ellen 
            Johnson-Sirleaf is inaugurated as Liberia's new president. She 
            is the first elected female Head of State in Africa
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        | Birthdates 
            which occurred on 16th January : 1587 Alexander 
            Adriaenssen Flemish painter 1672 Francesco Mancini composer
 1697 Richard Savage poet
 1728 Niccolò Piccinni Italian composer (Buona Figliuola)
 1749 Vittoria A Alfieri Italian count/poet (Maria Stuarda)
 1757 Samuel McIntire woodcarver/architect (architect of Salem)
 1804 Karl August Krebs composer
 1807 Charles Henry Davis Rear Admiral (Union Navy), died in 1877
 1815 Adolph Trube composer
 1815 Henry Wagner "Old Brains" Halleck Major-General (Union 
            Army)
 1834 Albert Lindley Lee Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died 
            in 1907
 1837 James Phillip Simms Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died 
            in 1887
 1847 Kálmán Mikszáth Hungary, writer (Wonderparaplu)
 1853 André Michelin France, industrialist/tire manufacturer 
            (Michelin)
 1853 Johnston Forbes-Robertson English actor/theater director (Kathleen)
 1864 Frank Bacon actor/author (Lightnin)
 1868 Cyril Metodej Hrazdira composer
 1870 Wilhelm Normann German chemist (hardening of oils)
 1872 Edward G Craig actor/director (On the art of theatre)
 1872 Henri-Paul Busser composer
 1873 Boyd Alexander English explorer
 1874 Robert Service England, Canadian poet (Cremation of Sam McGee)
 1878 Harry [Henry Dewitt] Carey Sr Bronx NY, US actor (Informer, Aces 
            Wild, Border Cafe, Air Force)
 1878 Robert Garbe German poet (Görniek)
 1885 Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz president of Poland (1939-40)
 1887 John Hamilton Penn, actor (Perry White-Superman)
 1890 Karl Freund Czech/Austrian cameraman/director
 1890 Lloyd Bacon San Jose CA, actor (Charlie Chaplin)
 1893 Henry C Rümke Dutch psychiatrist (Periods in Man's Life)
 1894 Guy Chamberlin early NFL end/coach (Canton, Frankford, Cards)
 1901 Fulgencio Batista President/Dictator of Cuba (1933-44, 1952-59)
 1902 Eric Liddell China, English 400m runner (Olympics-gold-1924)
 1902 Evelyn Levine composer
 1904 Max Vredenburg composer
 1905 Ernesto Halffter composer
 1906 Clement Greenberg art critic
 1906 Diana Winyard London, actress (Cavalcade)
 1907 Alexander Knox Canada, actor (Gorky Park, 2 of a Kind)
 1907 Phillip Humphrey Vellacott classicist
 1908 Ethel Merman stage & screen actress (Anything Goes, Call 
            Me Madam)
 1910 David McCampbell US pilot/captain (WWII-Pacific-downed 34 Japanese 
            planes)
 1911 Eduardo Frei (Christian Democrat), President of Chile (1964-70)
 1911 Jay Hanna "Dizzy" Dean HOF baseball pitcher (St Louis 
            Cardinals)
 1911 Gilbert Gadoffre French scholar
 1912 Franz Tumler Austria, author/novelist (Cloak, Aufruf)
 1914 Roger Aubert Belgium, church historian (Le Pontificat de Pie 
            IX)
 1916 Frederick Stewart British geologist
 1917 Buddy Lester Chicago IL, actor (Nick-Phil Silvers Show)
 1918 Stirling Silliphant screenwriter
 1919 Bob Boucher Kent OH, orchestra leader (Music on Ice)
 1920 Elliot Reid New York City NY, actor (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes)
 1923 Martin Stokken Norway, nordic relay (Olympics-silver-1952)
 1923 Roy Lanham rocker (Sons of the Pioneers)
 1923 Willem Aantjes Dutch political leader (CDA)
 1924 Katy Jurado México, actress (High Noon, Trapeze, Barabbas, 
            AKA Pablo)
 1926 John "Jack" Layden local politician
 1928 Ezra Sims composer
 1928 John William Fozard aircraft designer
 1928 William Kennedy US writer
 1929 Allard Lowenstein radical (Students for Democratic Action)
 1929 Francesco Scavullo Staten Island NY, celebrity photographer
 1929 Tage Nielsen composer
 1930 Norman Podhoretz Brooklyn NY, author/editor (New York Post)
 1931 Vladimir Skutina writer playwright/journalist
 1932 Dian Fossey zoologist (Gorillas in the Mist)
 1932 Jim Berry cartoonist (Berry's World)
 1933 Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov USSR, cosmonaut (Soyuz 12, 18A, 27, 
            T-3)
 1933 Susan Sonntag writer
 1934 Richard Wernick Boston MA, composer
 1934 Bill Alexander (Representative-D-AR, 1969- )
 1934 Marilyn Horne Bradford PA, mezzo-soprano
 1935 A J Foyt Houston TX, auto race driver (Indy 500 1961, 64, 67, 
            77)
 1936 Michael White theater/film producer (From Russia With Love)
 1937 Bob Bogle Portland, rock bassist/guitarist (Ventures-Batman Theme)
 1937 Conny Vandenbos Dutch singer (My rose, my little rose)
 1938 Michael Pataki Youngstown OH, actor (Get Christie Love)
 1939 Cliff Thorburn English snooker player
 1941 Christine Janes tennis player
 1941 Richard Bohringer Paris France, actor (Diva, I Married a Shadow)
 1941 Tÿmen G J "Tim" Beekman actor (Nosferatu)
 1942 Barbara Lynn rocker
 1942 Bill Francis Mobile AL rocker (Dr Hook)
 1942 Tony P Hall (Representative-D-OH, 1979- )
 1943 Brian Ferneyhough composer
 1943 Gavin Bryars composer
 1944 Jim Stafford Eloise FL, singer (Spiders & Snakes, My Girl 
            Bill)
 1944 Chris de Marigny painter/designer
 1944 Ronnie Milsap Robbinsville NC, country singer (Any Day Now, Legend 
            in My Time)
 1945 Kabir Bedi actor (Thief of Baghdad, Terminal Entry)
 1946 Michael L Coats Sacramento CA, Captain USN/astronaut (STS 41-D, 
            29, 39)
 1947 Dr. Laura Schlessinger Brooklyn, NY, TV/radio host/author (Go 
            take on the day)
 1947 Georgette Mosbacher CEO (La Prairie cosmetics)
 1947 Juliet Berto Grenoble France, actress (Le Sex Shop)
 1948 Cliff Thorburn Victoria BC, champion snooker player
 1948 Anatoli Yakovlevich Solovyov Riga, cosmonaut (TM-5,9,15,26, STS 
            71)
 1948 Christopher Moran English financier/multi-millionaire
 1948 John Carpenter Carthage NY, director (Halloween, The Thing)
 1950 Caroline Munro Windsor England, actress (Spy Who Loves Me)
 1950 Debbie Allen Houston TX, dancer/actress (3 Girls 3, Lydia-Fame)
 1950 Jesse Dizon Oceanside CA
 1951 Richard Thompson rocker (BT Express-Here Comes the Express)
 1952 Lloyd Blaine Hammond Jr Savannah GA, Major USAF/astronaut (STS 
            39, 64)
 1952 Roberta Baskin NY, correspondent (48 Hours)
 1955 Jerry M Linenger Mt Clemens MI, PhD/Commander USN/astronaut (STS 
            81/84)
 1956 Wayne Daniel cricketer (West Indies fast bowler 1976-84)
 1958 Anatoli Boukreev mountaineer
 1959 Sadé [Helen Folsade Ady] Ibadan Nigeria, rocker (Smooth 
            Operator, Sweetest Taboo; Grammy 1986-Best new singer)
 1962 Jan Koster Dutch drummer (Sleeze Beez-Powertool)
 1962 Kevin Ross NFL safety (Atlanta Falcons, Kansas City Chiefs)
 1962 Paul Webb rocker (TalkTalk)
 1964 Gail Graham Vanderhoof BC, LPGA golfer (1995 Fieldcrest Cannon)
 1964 Mark Collins NFL cornerback/safety (New York Giants, Kansas City 
            Chiefs, Green Bay Packers)
 1964 Trevor Barsby cricketer (Queensland opening batsman since 1984-85)
 1966 Anthony Washington Glasgow Montana, discus thrower (Olympics-4th-96)
 1966 Jack McDowell Van Nuys CA, pitcher (New York Yankees, White Sox, 
            Indians)
 1967 Jeff Branson Waynesboro MI, infielder (Cincinnati Reds)
 1967 Maxine Waters Jones rocker (En Vogue)
 1968 David Chokachi actor (Baywatch)
 1969 Chelan Kozak Revelstoke BC, equestrian (Olympics-96)
 1969 Roy Jones Pensacola FL, Light-middleweight boxer (Olympics-silver-1988)
 1970 Don MacLean NBA forward (New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets)
 1970 Ron Villone Englewood NJ, pitcher (San Diego Padres)
 1971 Josh Evans actor (Ricochet, The Doors)
 1971 Jukka-Pekka Nummi WLAF cornerback (Scottish Claymores)
 1971 Junior Bryant NFL defensive end (San Francisco 49ers)
 1971 Michel Kreek Dutch soccer player (Ajax)
 1971 Scott Williams Orange CA, field hockey defender (Olympics-96)
 1971 Sergei Bruguera Spain, tennis star
 1971 Ulrich van Gobbel Suriname/Dutch soccer player (Feyenoord)
 1972 Desiree Leipham Spokane WA, WPVA volleyballer (Nationals-17th-1995)
 1972 Joe Horn wide receiver (Kansas City Chiefs)
 1972 Lee McIntyre Peak Hill Australia, golfer (T3 1995 New South Wales 
            Trainee Champ)
 1973 Josie Davis Los Angeles CA, actress (Sarah-Charles in Charge)
 1973 Mario Bates NFL-running back (New Orleans Saints)
 1973 Willie Whitehead CFL defensive end (Hamilton Tiger Cats)
 1974 Kate Moss Addiscomb Surrey England, model (Calvin Klein)
 1976 Trisha Stillwell Miss Oklahoma-USA (1997, top 10)
 1986 Mason Gamble actor (Dennis the Menace)
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Deaths which occurred on January 16th:
 0308 Marcellus I Catholic Pope (-308), dies
 0429 Honoratius of Arles bishop/saint, dies
 1343 Robert of Anjou king (Naples), dies
 1595 Murad III sultan of Turkey (1574-95), dies
 1697 Richard Savage poet, dies
 1703 Matteo Coferati composer, dies at 64
 1794 Edward Gibbon historian (Decline & Fall), dies in London 
            at 56
 1817 Antonin Josef Alois Volanek composer, dies at 55
 1838 Aleksandr I Polezjajev Russian poet (Sasjka), dies at 33
 1842 Thomas Freanby Norwegian landscape painter, dies
 1849 Wilhelm M L de Wette German theologist, dies at 69
 1864 Anton Schindler German violinist/biographer (Beethoven), dies 
            at 68
 1886 Amilcare Ponchielli Italian composer (La Gioconda), dies at 51
 1891 Clement-Philibert-Leo Delibes composer, dies at 54
 1891 Leo Delibes French ballet composer (Lakmé), dies at 54
 1892 Imakita Kosen Zen teacher/abbot of Engagkuji monastery, dies
 1893 Johan Philip Koelman painter/sculptor/architect, dies at 74
 1901 Hiram Revels dies at 73
 1901 Arnold Böcklin Swiss painter, dies at 73
 1907 Alfred Shaw cricketer (seven Tests for England 1877-82), dies
 1912 Georg Heym writer, dies at 24
 1916 Arnold Aletrino Dutch physician-criminologist (From Death), dies 
            at 57
 1919 Jaroslav Jeremias composer, dies at 19
 1920 Reginald De Koven composer, dies at 60
 1934 Annie Patterson composer, dies at 65
 1935 Richard Wetz composer, dies at 59
 1938 William Pickering pioneer US stellar spectroscopist, dies
 1939 Albert Fish mass murderer, executed
 1942 Barbara Lynn [Ozen], US singer (You'll Lose a Good Thing), dies
 1942 Carole Lombard actress, (Bolero), killed in plane crash (along 
            with her mother & 20 others) at 32
 1943 Franz Courtens Flemish painter (Sunny Lane), dies at 88
 1945 Dennis Donnini British rifleman (Victoria Cross), dies in battle 
            at 19
 1946 Johanna HC Albregt actress/wife of Henri Dons (Paradise), dies 
            at 71
 1954 Michail M Prishvin Russian writer, dies
 1955 Jonkheer Reneke de Marees van Swinderen Dutch minister (1908-13), 
            dies at 94
 1957 Arturo Toscanini Italy, American conductor, dies in New York 
            City NY at 89
 1957 Alexander Cambridge Governor-General (South Africa 1923-31/Canada 
            1940-5), dies at 82
 1961 Janos Viski composer, dies at 54
 1962 Emanuel Stickelberger Swiss writer (Holbein in England), dies 
            at 77
 1963 Gilardo Gilardi composer, dies at 73
 1966 Margarete Susman writer, dies at 91
 1967 Dirk Vansina Flemish playwright (Sage of Kai-Roi), dies at 72
 1967 Robert J Van De Graaff US nuclear physicist, dies at 65
 1968 Robert R "Bob" Jones founder (Bob Jones University), 
            dies at 84
 1969 Jan Palach protesting Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, self 
            immolates at 20
 1969 Vernon Duke composer, dies at 65
 1970 Armijn Pane Indonesian writer (Djinak-djinak merpati), dies at 
            61
 1971 Kermit Maynard cowboy actor (Saturday Roundup), dies at 68
 1972 David Seville [Ross Bagdasarian] (Alvin & Chipmunks), dies 
            at 52
 1973 Ray Barrett sportscaster (Gillette Summer Sports Reel), dies 
            at 65
 1979 Ted Cassidy Pittsburgh PA, actor (Lurch-Addams Family), dies 
            at 46
 1979 Fred Elizalde composer, dies at 71
 1980 Anna van Wageningen-Salomons Dutch author (Unspoilt Dream), dies 
            at 94
 1981 Bernard Lee actor (M in James Bond Movies), dies at 73
 1987 Earl Wilson Broadway columnist (Midnight Earl), dies in Yonkers 
            at 79
 1987 Joyce Jameson comedienne (Spike Jones Show), dies at 54
 1987 Ilse Langen writer, dies at 87
 1989 Pierre Boileau screenwriter (Vertigo), dies at 82
 1989 Romo Vincent actor (Naked Jungle), dies
 1989 Trey Wilson actor (Bull Durham, Twins, Raising Arizona), dies
 1992 Roselle Novelle silent film actress, dies at 95
 1993 Florence Desmond [Dawson], actress (Sally in Our Alley), dies 
            at 87
 1993 Glenn Corbett US actor (Shenandoah, Chisum, Midway), dies at 
            63
 1993 Sathasivam Krishnakumar Sri Lanka commander, commits suicide
 1994 Martin Kosleck German/US actor (Hitler Gang), dies at 86
 1994 Noël Foré Belgian cyclist (Paris-Roubaix 1959), dies 
            at 61
 1994 Stephen Kritsick veterinarian (Good Morning America), dies at 
            42
 1995 William Dillard trumpeter/singer, dies at 83
 1996 Harry Potts footballer/manager, dies at 75
 1996 Kaye Webb publisher, dies at 81
 1997 Charlie Alfred Galbraith jazz trombonist, dies at 76
 1997 Innis Cosby son of Bill Cosby, murdered on Los Angeles highway 
            at 29
 1997 Jim Kensil NFL president (New York Jets), dies of heart failure 
            at 66
 1997 Stephen Fitz-Simon entrepreneur, dies at 59
 1998 David "Junior" Kimbrough blues musician, dies at 67
 1998 Peter Diamand artistic administrator, dies at 84
 
 
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